Mitochondria are central to cellular homeostasis, regulating
energy production, redox signaling, and programmed cell death.
Their ability to rapidly adapt to metabolic stress depends on a fine balance between
biogenesis and removal of damaged organelles.
Disruption of this balance is strongly linked to aging and major pathologies, including
neurodegenerative diseases1.
Neurons are particularly dependent on mitochondrial function due to their
high energy demands and elevated ATP requirements2.
Their unique architecture—featuring long axons and complex dendritic networks—requires
precise mitochondrial transport and distribution
to sustain activity at synapses and distal cellular regions3.
Because neurons are post-mitotic and long-lived, they are especially vulnerable
to mitochondrial dysfunction. Impaired mitochondria not only reduce ATP production but also disrupt
calcium homeostasis and increase
reactive oxygen species (ROS), triggering cellular stress and contributing to neurodegeneration2.
To maintain neuronal health, damaged mitochondria must be
repaired or removed through tightly regulated quality control mechanisms, including
proteasomal activity, mitochondrial dynamics (fission–fusion), and mitophagy.
Understanding and monitoring these mitochondrial surveillance pathways is therefore critical
for advancing research and therapeutic strategies in CNS diseases.